As sombras da noite
Clandestinização da informalidade urbana nas geografias do prazer do Sul da Europa
Palavras-chave:
noite, prazer, migração, geografia, informalidade, Europa do Sul
Resumo
Nas cidades do Sul da Europa, o discurso público em torno da noite tem sido, desde há várias décadas, marcado por ambiguidades, contradições e dois pesos e duas medidas: um lugar de prazer ou um lugar de ameaças e perigos sombrios; um lugar de geração de riqueza ou um lugar de “informalidade”, de “mercado negro” e de actividades clandestinas. Paralelamente, a emergência de migrantes, muitas vezes racializados, nestas economias desiguais de prazer, exercendo actividades de sobrevivência durante a noite, desencadeou toda a demonização contemporânea contra a subalternidade urbana. Com uma perspectiva particular em Madrid (Espanha) e Roma (Itália), e através de uma análise exaustiva de fontes secundárias, entrevistas com actores-chave e observação participante, proponho-me neste artigo explorar as contradições inerentes às geografias do prazer nestes territórios. Em primeiro lugar, como as narrativas públicas da “negritude” - sustentadas por imaginários históricos de uma alteridade alienada e racializada - que apelam a uma “moralidade branca” são usadas para clandestinar certos actores informalizados (por exemplo, trabalhadoras do sexo, vendedores ambulantes) e empurrá-los para “as sombras” do espaço urbano. Em segundo lugar, como a clandestinização - seguida do aumento da precariedade e dos abusos físicos, psicológicos e laborais - destes actores é operativa para a governação neoliberal das geografias de prazer do sul da Europa (um espaço público limpo de corpos escuros) e dos circuitos de acumulação neoliberal.Downloads
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Referências
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Agustín, L. M. (2008). Sex at the margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350222496
Antaki, C., Billig, M., Potter, J., & Edwards, D. (2003). El Análisis del discurso implica analizar: Crítica de seis atajos analíticos. Athenea digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social, 1(3), 14–35. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v1n3.64
Anderson, B., & Andrijasevic, R. (2008). Sex, slaves and citizens: The politics of anti-trafficking. Soundings, 2008(40), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.3898/136266208820465065
Antena 3 (4/10/2023). 'Pateras taxi', la nueva modalidad de la mafia para traer inmigrantes ilegales a las costas de Cádiz con lanchas de narcos. Acceso en: https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/pateras-taxi-nueva-modalidad-mafia-traer-inmigrantes-ilegales-costas-cadiz-lanchas-narcos_20231004651d7900b2ab570001f84d86.html
Aramayona, B. (2019). Ciudad (in)civilizada: marginalidad urbana, ecología del miedo y populismo punitivo en la ciudad de Madrid: los casos de El Rastro (Centro) y San Diego (Puente de Vallecas). Tesis doctoral publicada en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/689192
Aramayona, B. y García-Sánchez, R. (2019) Decoding middle-class protest against low-cost nocturnal tourism in Madrid. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 11.3, 380-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1584627
Aramayona, B., López-Herce, J. R., Gómez-Ullate, J., Licht, D. F., Gómez, M. S., & Nofre, J. (2021). Geografías de la ciudad nocturna: análisis comparativo y aplicado del ocio nocturno joven en Madrid, Barcelona y Lisboa. Madrid: Centro Reina Sofía. https://www.centroreinasofia.org/publicacion/geografias-ocio-nocturno/
Aramayona, B. (2023). La invisibilización de la informalidad en la ciudad nocturna: el desplazamiento de trabajadoras sexuales y domésticas hacia espacios privados. Forum Sociológico. Série II (No. 43). CESNOVA. https://doi.org/10.4000/sociologico.11969
Aramayona, B. y Guarneros-Meza, V. (2023) The 'In/formal Nocturnal City': updating a research agenda on nightlife studies from a Southern European perspective. Urban Studies 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231188512
Bolzoni, M. (2016). Spaces of distinction, spaces of segregation. Nightlife and consumption in a central neighbourhood of Turin. Méditerranée. Revue géographique des pays méditerranéens/Journal of Mediterranean geography, (127), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.8425
Chiodelli, F. (2021). Moving beyond informality-of-need and informality-of-desire: Insights from a southern (European) perspective. Planning Theory, 20(4), 390-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/14730952211032026
Dunn, N., & Edensor, T. (Eds.). (2020). Rethinking Darkness: Cultures, Histories, Practices. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429259654
Edensor, T. (2015a). Introduction to geographies of darkness. cultural geographies, 22(4), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474015604807
Edensor, T. (2015b). The gloomy city: Rethinking the relationship between light and dark. Urban studies, 52(3), 422-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013504009
Essed, P., Farquharson, K., Pillay, K., & White, E. J. (2019). Relating Worlds of Racism. Dehumanisation, Belonging, and the Normativity of European Whiteness, Cham. Palgrave-MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78990-3
Hadfield, P. (2015). The night-time city. Four modes of exclusion: Reflections on the Urban Studies special collection. Urban Studies, 52(3), 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014552934
Hae, L. (2011). Gentrification and politicization of nightlife in New York City. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 10(3), 564-584. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/911
Hubbard, P., & Sanders, T. (2003). Making space for sex work: Female street prostitution and the production of urban space. International Journal of Urban and regional research, 27(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00432
Hubbard, P., Matthews, R., & Scoular, J. (2008). Regulating sex work in the EU: prostitute women and the new spaces of exclusion. Gender, Place & Culture, 15(2), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690701863232
Hubbard, P. (2013). Cleansing the metropolis: sex work and the politics of zero tolerance. In Cities of Pleasure (pp. 57-72). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315879147-9
Iñiguez, L. (2003). Análisis del discurso. Manual para las ciencias sociales. Barcelona: UOC. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v1n5.134
Kolioulis, A. (2018). More day in the night? The gentrification of London’s night-time through clubbing. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, 14(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.13128/bsgi.v1i2.536.
La Voz Digital (4/10/2023). Las 'pateras taxi' llegan a la costa de Cádiz, las mafias no descansan. Escrito por M. Almagro. Acceso en: https://www.lavozdigital.es/provincia/pateras-taxi-llegan-costa-cadiz-mafias-descansan-20231003072805-ntv.html
Malet-Calvo, D., Nofre, J., & Geraldes, M. (2017). The Erasmus Corner: place-making of a sanitised nightlife spot in the Bairro Alto (Lisbon, Portugal). Leisure Studies, 36(6), 778-792. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1271821
Motterle, L. (2016). Som un barri digne! Etnografia d'una prostitució indignada com fenomen de resistència urbana al Raval. Revista d'etnologia de Catalunya, (41), 239-242. https://raco.cat/index.php/RevistaEtnologia/article/view/306739
Nofre, J. (2013). " Vintage Nightlife": Gentrifying Lisbon downtown. Fennia-International Journal of Geography, 191(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.11143/8231
Nofre, J., Giordano, E., Eldridge, A., Martins, J. C., & Sequera, J. (2018). Tourism, nightlife and planning: challenges and opportunities for community liveability in La Barceloneta. Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 377-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1375972
Nofre, J., Martins, J. C., Vaz, D., Fina, R., Sequera, J., & Vale, P. (2019). The ‘Pink Street’in Cais do Sodré: urban change and liminal governance in a nightlife district of Lisbon. Urban Research & Practice, 12(4), 322-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2018.1449010
Nofre, J. (2021). The touristification of nightlife: some theoretical notes. Urban Geography, 42(10), 1552-1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1855002
Olcuire, S. (2023). Indecorose. Sex work e resistenza al governo dello spazio pubblico nella città di Roma. ETNOGRAFIE, 1-242.
OXFAM. (Ed.) (2021). Esenciales y sin derechos: o cómo implementar el convenio 189 de la OIT para las trabajadoras del hogar. https://www.oxfamintermon.org/es/publicacion/esenciales-sin-derechos-empleadas-hogar
Queirolo-Palma, L. y Rahola, F. (2020). Underground Europe. Along migrant routes. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16151-3
Relator de Naciones Unidas (2020). Relator de la ONU: "La situación de los recolectores de la fresa en Huelva es peor que en un campo de refugiados". En Europa Press (7 Febrero 2020). Acceso en: https://www.europapress.es/epsocial/derechos-humanos/noticia-relator-onu-situacion-recolectores-fresa-huelva-peor-campo-refugiados-20200207182726.html
Roy, A., & AlSayyad, N. (Eds.). (2004). Urban informality: Transnational perspectives from the middle East, latin America, and south Asia. Lexington Books. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2005.tb00914.x
Sánchez-Perera, P. (2023). Crítica de la razón puta. Cartografías del estigma de la prostitución. La Oveja Roja.
Seal, L. (Ed.) (2022). Sex work and the nighttime economy. In Gender, crime and justice (pp. 93-123). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87488-9_4
Shaw, S., & Sullivan, D. M. (2011). “White night”: Gentrification, racial exclusion, and perceptions and participation in the arts. City & Community, 10(3), 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01373.x
Suárez-Navaz, L. (2004). Rebordering the Mediterranean: boundaries and citizenship in Southern Europe (Vol. 17). Berghahn books. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782381907
Villacampa, C. y Torres, N. (2013) Políticas criminilizadoras de la prostitución en España. Efectos sobre las trabajadoras sexuales, Revista electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, 15(6), 1-40. https://repositori.udl.cat/server/api/core/bitstreams/650ae4eb-6bdc-47dd-bdb8-55cc9500a9a1/content
Agustín, L. M. (2008). Sex at the margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350222496
Antaki, C., Billig, M., Potter, J., & Edwards, D. (2003). El Análisis del discurso implica analizar: Crítica de seis atajos analíticos. Athenea digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social, 1(3), 14–35. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v1n3.64
Anderson, B., & Andrijasevic, R. (2008). Sex, slaves and citizens: The politics of anti-trafficking. Soundings, 2008(40), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.3898/136266208820465065
Antena 3 (4/10/2023). 'Pateras taxi', la nueva modalidad de la mafia para traer inmigrantes ilegales a las costas de Cádiz con lanchas de narcos. Acceso en: https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/pateras-taxi-nueva-modalidad-mafia-traer-inmigrantes-ilegales-costas-cadiz-lanchas-narcos_20231004651d7900b2ab570001f84d86.html
Aramayona, B. (2019). Ciudad (in)civilizada: marginalidad urbana, ecología del miedo y populismo punitivo en la ciudad de Madrid: los casos de El Rastro (Centro) y San Diego (Puente de Vallecas). Tesis doctoral publicada en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/689192
Aramayona, B. y García-Sánchez, R. (2019) Decoding middle-class protest against low-cost nocturnal tourism in Madrid. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 11.3, 380-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1584627
Aramayona, B., López-Herce, J. R., Gómez-Ullate, J., Licht, D. F., Gómez, M. S., & Nofre, J. (2021). Geografías de la ciudad nocturna: análisis comparativo y aplicado del ocio nocturno joven en Madrid, Barcelona y Lisboa. Madrid: Centro Reina Sofía. https://www.centroreinasofia.org/publicacion/geografias-ocio-nocturno/
Aramayona, B. (2023). La invisibilización de la informalidad en la ciudad nocturna: el desplazamiento de trabajadoras sexuales y domésticas hacia espacios privados. Forum Sociológico. Série II (No. 43). CESNOVA. https://doi.org/10.4000/sociologico.11969
Aramayona, B. y Guarneros-Meza, V. (2023) The 'In/formal Nocturnal City': updating a research agenda on nightlife studies from a Southern European perspective. Urban Studies 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231188512
Bolzoni, M. (2016). Spaces of distinction, spaces of segregation. Nightlife and consumption in a central neighbourhood of Turin. Méditerranée. Revue géographique des pays méditerranéens/Journal of Mediterranean geography, (127), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.8425
Chiodelli, F. (2021). Moving beyond informality-of-need and informality-of-desire: Insights from a southern (European) perspective. Planning Theory, 20(4), 390-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/14730952211032026
Dunn, N., & Edensor, T. (Eds.). (2020). Rethinking Darkness: Cultures, Histories, Practices. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429259654
Edensor, T. (2015a). Introduction to geographies of darkness. cultural geographies, 22(4), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474015604807
Edensor, T. (2015b). The gloomy city: Rethinking the relationship between light and dark. Urban studies, 52(3), 422-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013504009
Essed, P., Farquharson, K., Pillay, K., & White, E. J. (2019). Relating Worlds of Racism. Dehumanisation, Belonging, and the Normativity of European Whiteness, Cham. Palgrave-MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78990-3
Hadfield, P. (2015). The night-time city. Four modes of exclusion: Reflections on the Urban Studies special collection. Urban Studies, 52(3), 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014552934
Hae, L. (2011). Gentrification and politicization of nightlife in New York City. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 10(3), 564-584. https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/911
Hubbard, P., & Sanders, T. (2003). Making space for sex work: Female street prostitution and the production of urban space. International Journal of Urban and regional research, 27(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00432
Hubbard, P., Matthews, R., & Scoular, J. (2008). Regulating sex work in the EU: prostitute women and the new spaces of exclusion. Gender, Place & Culture, 15(2), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690701863232
Hubbard, P. (2013). Cleansing the metropolis: sex work and the politics of zero tolerance. In Cities of Pleasure (pp. 57-72). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315879147-9
Iñiguez, L. (2003). Análisis del discurso. Manual para las ciencias sociales. Barcelona: UOC. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v1n5.134
Kolioulis, A. (2018). More day in the night? The gentrification of London’s night-time through clubbing. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, 14(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.13128/bsgi.v1i2.536.
La Voz Digital (4/10/2023). Las 'pateras taxi' llegan a la costa de Cádiz, las mafias no descansan. Escrito por M. Almagro. Acceso en: https://www.lavozdigital.es/provincia/pateras-taxi-llegan-costa-cadiz-mafias-descansan-20231003072805-ntv.html
Malet-Calvo, D., Nofre, J., & Geraldes, M. (2017). The Erasmus Corner: place-making of a sanitised nightlife spot in the Bairro Alto (Lisbon, Portugal). Leisure Studies, 36(6), 778-792. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1271821
Motterle, L. (2016). Som un barri digne! Etnografia d'una prostitució indignada com fenomen de resistència urbana al Raval. Revista d'etnologia de Catalunya, (41), 239-242. https://raco.cat/index.php/RevistaEtnologia/article/view/306739
Nofre, J. (2013). " Vintage Nightlife": Gentrifying Lisbon downtown. Fennia-International Journal of Geography, 191(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.11143/8231
Nofre, J., Giordano, E., Eldridge, A., Martins, J. C., & Sequera, J. (2018). Tourism, nightlife and planning: challenges and opportunities for community liveability in La Barceloneta. Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 377-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1375972
Nofre, J., Martins, J. C., Vaz, D., Fina, R., Sequera, J., & Vale, P. (2019). The ‘Pink Street’in Cais do Sodré: urban change and liminal governance in a nightlife district of Lisbon. Urban Research & Practice, 12(4), 322-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2018.1449010
Nofre, J. (2021). The touristification of nightlife: some theoretical notes. Urban Geography, 42(10), 1552-1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1855002
Olcuire, S. (2023). Indecorose. Sex work e resistenza al governo dello spazio pubblico nella città di Roma. ETNOGRAFIE, 1-242.
OXFAM. (Ed.) (2021). Esenciales y sin derechos: o cómo implementar el convenio 189 de la OIT para las trabajadoras del hogar. https://www.oxfamintermon.org/es/publicacion/esenciales-sin-derechos-empleadas-hogar
Queirolo-Palma, L. y Rahola, F. (2020). Underground Europe. Along migrant routes. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16151-3
Relator de Naciones Unidas (2020). Relator de la ONU: "La situación de los recolectores de la fresa en Huelva es peor que en un campo de refugiados". En Europa Press (7 Febrero 2020). Acceso en: https://www.europapress.es/epsocial/derechos-humanos/noticia-relator-onu-situacion-recolectores-fresa-huelva-peor-campo-refugiados-20200207182726.html
Roy, A., & AlSayyad, N. (Eds.). (2004). Urban informality: Transnational perspectives from the middle East, latin America, and south Asia. Lexington Books. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2005.tb00914.x
Sánchez-Perera, P. (2023). Crítica de la razón puta. Cartografías del estigma de la prostitución. La Oveja Roja.
Seal, L. (Ed.) (2022). Sex work and the nighttime economy. In Gender, crime and justice (pp. 93-123). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87488-9_4
Shaw, S., & Sullivan, D. M. (2011). “White night”: Gentrification, racial exclusion, and perceptions and participation in the arts. City & Community, 10(3), 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2011.01373.x
Suárez-Navaz, L. (2004). Rebordering the Mediterranean: boundaries and citizenship in Southern Europe (Vol. 17). Berghahn books. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782381907
Villacampa, C. y Torres, N. (2013) Políticas criminilizadoras de la prostitución en España. Efectos sobre las trabajadoras sexuales, Revista electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, 15(6), 1-40. https://repositori.udl.cat/server/api/core/bitstreams/650ae4eb-6bdc-47dd-bdb8-55cc9500a9a1/content
Publicado
2024-11-14
Como Citar
Aramayona, B. (2024). As sombras da noite. Punto Sur, (11), 138-156. https://doi.org/10.34096/ps.n11.14232
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Copyright (c) 2024 Begoña Aramayona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
