Evidential uses of pensar in Spanish language
Abstract
Evidentiality is a linguistic category related to the source of information transmitted and also to how the speaker obtains this knowledge. Among the various means for its expression in the Spanish language, we propose to analyze and describe, based on Discourse Functional Grammar (GDF) (Hengeveld and Mackenzie 2008), on Hengeveld and Hattnher (2015) and García Velasco (2014), the evidential uses of pensar in the first person. The functional nature of the analysis leads us to work with a corpus of real linguistic occurrences, so we chose the Corpus del Español de Siglo XXI (CORPES XXI). For the quantitative analysis of the data, starting from 9 (nine) categories related to the Contextual Component and the Grammatical Component, we used the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). The results pointed to a more introspective semantics of pensar, which presented uses related to inferential (83,1%), reportative (10,4%), and deductive (6,5%) evidentiality. Looking at their temporal behavior, we observed a tendency to the location in the past concerning the Representational Level subtypes.Downloads
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra. Y. 2004. Evidentiality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Alzate, Róbinson Grajales. 2015. “Los verbos de actitud proposicional como estrategias evidenciales en el español de Medellín”. Lingüística y Literatura 37.69: 339-361. doi: https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.lyl.n69a15.
Bates, Carolina Figueras e Adrián Cabedo Nebot, eds. 2018. Perspectives on Evidentiality in Spanish: explorations across genres. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Bermúdez, Fernando Wachtmeister. 2005. “Evidencialidad: La codificación lingüística del punto de vista”. Tese de Doutorado, Stockholms Universitet.
Bermúdez, Fernando Wachtmeister. 2016. “Rumores y otros malos hábitos: El condicional evidencial en español”. Cuadernos de Lingüística de El Colegio de México 3.2: 35-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.24201/clecm.v3i2.37.
Biber, Douglas. 1993. “Representativeness in Corpus Design”. Literary And Linguistic Computing 8.4: 243-257.
Botne, Robert. 1997. “Evidentiality and epistemic modality in Lega”. Studies in Language 2.3: 509-532. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21.3.03bot.
Boye, Kasper e Peter Harder. 2009. “Linguistic categories and grammaticalization”. Functions of Language 16.1: 9-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.16.1.03boy.
Boye, Kasper. 2012. Epistemic Meaning: a crosslinguistic and functional-cognitive study. Berlim: Walter de Gruyter Gmbh & Co. Kg.
Cappelli, Gloria. 2007. “I Reckon I Know how Leonardo Da Vinci Must Have Felt...”: Epistemicity, evidentiality and English verbs of cognitive atitude. Pari: Pari Publishing.
Casseb-Galvão, Vânia. 2011. “Gramática discursivo-funcional e teoria da gramaticalização: revisitando os usos de [diski] no português brasileiro”. Filol. Linguíst. Port. 13.2: 305-335.
Castro, Alejandro Castañeda. 2006. “Aspecto, perspectiva y tiempo de procesamiento en la oposición imperfecto/indefinido en español: ventajas explicativas y aplicaciones pedagógicas”. RAEL - Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada 5.1: 107-140.
Comesaña, Susana. 2002. “Los verbos de conocimiento en español: caracterización sintáctica”. Verba: Anuario Galego de Filoloxía 29: 243-260.
Cornillie, Bert. 2007. Evidentiality and epistemic modality in Spanish (semi-)auxiliaries: a cognitive-functional approach. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Cornillie, Bert. 2009. “Evidentiality and epistemic modality: on the close relationship between two different categories”. Functions of Language 16.1: 44-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.16.1.04cor.
Cornish, Francis. 2009. “Text and discourse as contexto: Discourse anaphora and the FDG Contextual Component”. Em Web papers in Functional Discourse Grammar (WP-FDG-82) Special Issue: The London papers I, editado por Evelien Keizer e Gerry Wanders, 97-115. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Dendale, Patrick e Liliane Tasmowski. 2001. “Introduction: evidentiality and related notions”. Journal of Pragmatics 33.3: 339-348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00005-9.
Escandell Vidal, Maria Victoria. 2010. “Futuro y evidencialidad”. Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica 26, 9-34.
Fetzer, Anita. 2008. “‘And I Think That Is a Very Straightforward Way of Dealing With It’: The Communicative Function of Cognitive Verbs in Political Discourse”. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 27.4: 384-396. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X08322481.
García Velasco, Daniel. 2014. “Activation and the relation between context and grammar”. Pragmatics 24.2: 297-316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.2.06gar.
Gutiérrez Ordóñez, Salvador. 1997. Temas, remas, focos, tópicos y comentarios. Madrid: Arco Libros.
Kapp-Barboza, Aline Maria Miguel. 2017. “Uso do verbo saber e a expressão da evidencialidade no português brasileiro”. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Estadual Paulista.
García-Miguel, José Maria e Susana Comesaña. 2004. “Verbs of cognition in Spanish: constructional schemas and reference points”. Em Linguagem, cultura e cognição: estudos de linguística cognitiva, organizado por Augusto Soares da Silva, Amadeu Torres e Miguel Gonçalves, 399-420. Coimbra: Almedina.
González Ruiz, Ramón. 2015. “Los verbos de opinión entre los verbos parentéticos y los verbos de rección débil: aspectos sintácticos y semántico-pragmáticos”. Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 62, 148-173. doi:10.5209/rev_CLAC.2015.v62.49502.
Haan, Ferdinand de. 2005. “Enconding speaker perspective: evidentials”. Em Linguistic diversity and languages theories, editado por Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Adam Hodges e David S. Rood, 379-397. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Hattnher, Marize Mattos Dall’aglio. 2018. “A expressão lexical da evidencialidade: reflexões sobre a dedução e a percepção de evento”. Entrepalavras 8: 98-108. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22168/2237-6321-6esp1244.
Hengeveld, Kees e Rafael Fischer. 2018. “A’ingae (Cofán/Kofán) Operators”. Open Linguistics 4: 328-355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0018.
Hengeveld, Kees e Marize Mattos Dall’aglio Hattnher. 2015. “Four types of evidentiality in the native languages of Brazil”. Linguistics 53.3: 479-524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2015-0010.
Hengeveld, Kees e J. Lachlan Mackenzie. 2008. Functional discourse grammar: A typologically based theory of language structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hengeveld, Kees e J. Lachlan Mackenzie. 2014. “Grammar and context in functional discourse grammar”. Pragmatics 24.2: 203-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.2.02hen.
Hennemann, Anja. 2018. “Evidentiality and (Inter-) Subjectivity as (Non-) Competing Dimensions: examples from Portuguese, Spanish and English orality”. Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam, 1-19.
Instituto Cervantes. El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2022. Madrid: Instituto Cervantes, 2022.
Maia, Luana Ingrid Gomes, Nadja Paulino Pessoa Prata e Renata Pereira Vidal. 2019. “La evidencialidad en entrevistas de diarios argentinos”. Miguelim - Revista Eletrônica do Netlli 8.2: 568-588. doi: https://doi.org/10.47295/mgren.v8i2.2062.
Nuyts, Jan. 2001. Epistemic modality, Language, and conceptualization: A cognitive-pragmatic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Oliva, Miguel Ángel Aijón e María José Serrano. 2010. “El hablante en su discurso: expresión y omisión del sujeto de creo”. Oralia: Análisis del discurso oral 13: 7-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.25115/oralia.v13i.8100.
Plungian, Vladimir. 2010. “Types of verbal evidentiality marking: an overview”. Em Linguistic realization of evidentiality in european languages, editado por Gabriele Diewald e Elena Smirnova, 15-58. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Polo, Anna. 2012. “Evidencialidad y tiempos verbales en un corpus de manuales académicos”. Orillas: Rivista d’Ispanistica, 1: 1-28.
Real Academia Española. 2013. Corpus del español del siglo XXI (CORPES) Descripción del sistema de codificación Libros y prensa . Madrid: Real Academia Española.
Real Academia Española. 2009. Nueva Gramática de la Lengua Española. Madrid: Espasa Libros.
Reyes, Graciela. 1994. Los procedimientos de cita: citas encubiertas y ecos. Madrid: Arco Libros.
Saeger, Bram de. 2007. “Evidencialidad y modalidad epistémica en los verbos de actitud proposicional en español”. Interlingüística 17: 268-277.
Shinzato, Rumiko. 2004. “Some observations concerning mental verbs and speech act verbs”. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 861-882.
Travis, Catherine Elizabeth. 2006. “Subjetivización de construcciones: los verbos ‘cognitivos’ en el español conversacional”. Em Series Memorias del VIII Encuentro Internacional de Lingüística en el Noroeste, editado por Rosa María Ortiz Ciscomani, 85-109. Hermosillo: Unison.
Vázquez Rozas, Victoria. 2015. “Dialogue and epistemic stance: a diachronic analysis of cognitive verb constructions in Spanish”. eHumanista/IVITRA 8: 577-599.
Vidal, Renata Pereira. 2021. “Usos evidenciais dos verbos de cognição em língua espanhola: uma análise discursivo-funcional”. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Ceará.
Weber, Elizabeth G. e Paola Bentivoglio. 1991. “Verbs of cognition in spoken Spanish: a discourse profile”. Em Discourse pragmatics and the verb: the evidence from Romance, editado por Suzanne Fleischman e Linda R. Waugh, 194-213. Londres: Routledge.
Willet, Thomas. 1988. “A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality”. Studies in Language 12.1: 51-97.
- Authors keep the copyright and give the journal the right of the first publication, with the work registered with the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which allows third parties to use what is published whenever they mention the authorship of the work and the first publication in this magazine.
- Authors can make other independent and additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article published in this journal (eg, include it in an institutional repository or publish it in a book) as long as they clearly indicate that the work It was published for the first time in this magazine.
- Authors are allowed and recommended to publish their work on the Internet (for example on institutional or personal pages).
